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Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam (African Studies), by Chouki El Hamel
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Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race and Islam chronicles the experiences, identity, and agency of enslaved black people in Morocco from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. It demonstrates the extent to which religion orders society but also the extent to which the economic and political conditions influence the religious discourse and the ideology of enslavement. The interpretation and application of Islam did not guarantee the freedom and integration of black Moroccan ex-slaves into society. It starts with the Islamic legal discourse and racial stereotypes that existed in Moroccan society leading up to the era of Mawlay Isma'il (r. 1672-1727), with a special emphasis on the black army during and after his reign. The first part of the book provides a narrative relating the legal discourse on race, concubinage and slavery as well as historical events and developments that are not well known in printed scholarship and western contexts. The second part of the book is conceptually ambitious; it provides the reader with a deeper sense of the historical and sociological implications of the story being told across a long period of time, from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. Though the strongest element of theses chapters concerns the "black army," an important component of the discussion is the role of female slaves. One of the problems the historian faces with this kind of analysis is that it must rest on a limited "evidentiary base." This book has broadened this base and clarified the importance of female slaves in relation to the army and Moroccan society at large. The emphasis on the political history of the black army is augmented by a close examination of the continuity of black Moroccan identity through the musical and cultural practices of the Gnawa.
Black Morocco redefines the terms of the scholarly debate about the historical nature of Moroccan slavery and proposes an original analysis of issues concerning race, concubinage and gender, with a special focus on their theoretical aspects. The Moroccan system of racial definition was clearly "racialist" and was in fact a curious inversion of the Western racist model. Whereas in the western model "one drop" of black blood identifies one as black, in the Moroccan model, "one drop" of white blood identifies one as Arab (i.e., privileged). This process helped create a"nationalist" Moroccan Arab majority and at the same time subjugated black ancestry (i.e., those without the "one drop" of Arab blood), seen as having more bearing on the historical antecedents of slavery. Black Morocco offers a new paradigm for the study of race in the region that will transform the way we approach and understand ethnicity and racial identities in North Africa and most crucially it helps eliminate the culture of silence -- the refusal to engage in discussions about slavery, racial attitudes, and gender issues.
- Sales Rank: #983355 in Books
- Published on: 2014-02-27
- Released on: 2014-02-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .79" w x 5.98" l, 1.14 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 354 pages
Review
"... a valuable contribution to North African historiography and the study of slavery ... an important contribution not only to the study of slavery but also to the field of North African history. ... Black Morocco offers us the most sustained and in-depth discussion of Mawlay Isma'il's army to date, and provides a solid overview of slavery in Morocco beyond this particular sultan's reign."
Jonathan Glasser, H-Atlantic
"Chouki El Hamel has given us a thorough, well-researched, engaging study of Islam, slavery, and race in Morocco. He weaves together Islamic jurisprudence, Moroccan court histories, European travel accounts, Sufi hagiography, diplomatic correspondence, and social history to explode long-standing cultural myths ... El Hamel locates a window to the past in the black diasporic mystical culture of the present."
Ellen Amster, American Historical Review
About the Author
Chouki El Hamel is Associate Professor in History at Arizona State University.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
A remarkable book
By Sasquatch
I am very impressed with this work. I find that the topic is long overdue. It is like the five hundred pound elephant in the room that no one wants to talk about. It is quite remarkable to me how the author was able to go into so much detail which is supported by evidence and extensive footnotes about a subject that is barely known in the west. Mr. El Hamel seems to be very comfortable and knowledgeable about the attitudes and ideas of both east and west, and the book is a very easy read. I had quite a few ideas of my own about the Arab and Islamic societies views on race and gender over the years, and he confirmed some of them, and disavowed others. I like his writing style, and his arguments are very well constructed. I think he probably has ruffled a few feathers by going deeply into a subject that many people don't want to discuss. But my attitude is how can we understand the present world politics, if we don't know what really happened in the past.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
An Overdue Study
By C. Plummer
Very interesting and well written book about a subject not much discussed in modern Morocco. The author addresses the evolution of slavery in the context of Islam and how pre-exiting notions allowed the race-based slavery to take root in the Dar al-Islam. In examining Morocco's history of slavery and race relations since the early modern age, El Hamel exposes the myth of the benevolent, multi-cultural society upon which Moroccans are so fond of expounding. While Moroccan history reveals nothing of the evils on the scale of the United States, Brazil, or Leopold's Congo, the country also has its dark secrets. While it did not engage in a system of chattel slavery, the Sharifan Kingdom was no more benevolent toward black Africans than it was a shelter for the Jews ejected from Spain. Blacks, he maintains, were marginalized from Arab-Berber society from the start, and remain so to this day.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By zulema barreras
A really well structured book and interesting book.
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